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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2008) Human feces also know as faeces or stools, is the waste product of the human digestive system and varies significantly in appearance, depending on the state of the whole digestive system, influenced and found by diet and health. Normally stools are semisolid, with a mucus coating. Small pieces of harder, less moist feces can sometimes be seen impacted on the distal (leading) end. This is a normal occurrence when a prior bowel movement is incomplete; and feces are returned from the rectum to the intestine, where water is absorbed. Meconium (sometimes erroneously spelled merconium) is a newborn baby's first feces. Contents 1 Bristol Stool Chart 2 Color variations of feces 2.1 Yellow 2.2 Black 2.3 Blue 2.4 Silver 3 Fecal contamination 4 Utilization 5 Diarrhea 6 See also 7 References // Bristol Stool Chart Main article: Bristol Stool Scale The Bristol Stool Chart or Bristol Stool Scale is a medical aid designed to classify the form of human feces into seven categories. Sometimes referred to in the UK as the "Meyers Scale," it was developed by K.W.Heaton at the University of Bristol and was first published in the Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology in 1997.[1] The form of the stool depends on the time it spends in the colon.[2] The seven types of stool are: Separate hard lumps, like nuts (hard to pass). Sausage-shaped but lumpy. Like a sausage but with cracks on its surface. Like a sausage or snake, smooth and soft. Soft blobs with clear cut edges (passed easily). Fluffy pieces with ragged edges, a mushy stool. Watery stool, entirely liquid. Types 1 and 2 indicate constipation, with 3 and 4 being the "ideal stools" especially the latter, as they are the easiest to pass, and 5–7 being further tending towards diarrhea or urgency.[2] Color variations of feces Yellow Yellowing of feces can be caused by an infection known as Giardiasis, which derives its name from Giardia, an anaerobic flagellated protozoan parasite that can cause severe and communicable yellow diarrhea. Another cause of yellowing is a condition known as Gilbert's Syndrome. This condition is characterized by jaundice and hyperbilirubinemia when too much bilirubin is present in the circulating blood. Black Feces can be black due to the presence of red blood cells that have been in the intestines long enough to be broken down by digestive enzymes. This is known as melena (or melaena), and is typically due to bleeding in the upper digestive tract, such as from a bleeding peptic ulcer. The same color change (albeit harmless) can be observed after consuming foods that contain substantial proportion of animal bloods, such as Black pudding or Tiết canh. The black color is caused by oxidation of the iron in the blood's hemoglobin (haemoglobin). Black feces can also be caused by a number of medications, such as bismuth subsalicylate, and dietary iron supplements, or foods such as black liquorice, or blueberries.[3] Hematochezia (also haemochezia or haematochezia) is similarly the passage of feces that are bright red due to the presence of undigested blood, either from lower in the digestive tract, or from a more active source in the upper digestive tract. Alcoholism can also provoke abnormalities in the path of blood throughout the body, including the passing of red-black stool. Blue Prussian blue, used in the treatment of radiation cesium and thallium poisoning, can turn the feces blue. Also, substantial consumption of products containing blue food dye (things such as blue koolaid or grape soda)[4] Silver A tarnished-silver or aluminum paint-like stool color characteristically results when biliary obstruction of any type (white stool) combines with gastrointestinal bleeding from any source (black stool). It can also suggest a carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater, which will result in gastrointestinal bleeding and biliary obstruction, resulting in silver stool.[5] Fecal contamination A quick test for fecal contamination of water sources or soil is a check for the presence of E. coli bacteria performed with the help of MacConkey agar plates or Petri dishes. E. coli bacteria uniquely develop red colonies at temperature of approximately 43 °C (109 °F) overnight. While most strains of E. coli are harmless, their presence is indicative of more serious fecal contamination, and hence a high possibility of more dangerous organisms. Fecal contamination of water sources is highly prevalent worldwide, accounting for the majority of unsafe drinking water, which is the only water available to 1.1 billion people. In developing countries most sewage is discharged without treatment. Even in developed countries events of sanitary sewer overflow are not uncommon and regularly pollute the Seine River (France) and the River Thames (England), for example. The main pathogens that are commonly looked for in feces include: Bacteroides species Salmonella and Shigella Yersinia tends to be incubated at 30 °C (86 °F), which is cooler than usual Campylobacter incubated at 42 °C (108 °F), in a special environment Aeromonas Candida if the person is immunosuppressed (e.g., undergoing cancer treatment) E. coli O157 if blood is visible in the stool sample Cryptosporidium Entamoeba histolytica Utilization Further information: Composting toilet Diarrhea Many viruses, parasites and bacteria cause diarrhea. Diarrhea is when the large intestine does not perform its function to reabsorb water. Instead it focuses on removing the intruder. Due to the water not being reabsorbed the feces becomes very liquid like. Further information: Diarrhea See also Feces Composting toilet Coprophilia Constipation Defecation Diarrhea Ecological sanitation Humanure Meconium Piero Manzoni Night soil Outhouse Scatology Shit References ^ Lewis SJ, Heaton KW (1997). "Stool form scale as a useful guide to intestinal transit time". Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 32 (9): 920–4. doi:10.3109/00365529709011203. PMID 9299672.  ^ a b ""Constipation Management and Nurse Prescribing: The importance of developing a concordant approach"" (PDF). http://www.constipationadvice.co.uk/further-resources/pam-campbell-constipation-management.pdf. Retrieved 2006-11-06.  ^ Heller, JL (2009-11-01). "Bloody or tarry stools". National Institutes of Health. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003130.htm. Retrieved 2009-11-30.  ^ "Fact Sheet: Prussian Blue". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2006-05-10. http://www.bt.cdc.gov/radiation/prussianblue.asp. Retrieved 2009-11-30.  ^ http://cnx.org/content/m14979/latest/