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Snakeflies Fossil range: Lower Jurassic–Recent PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N Female Raphidia notata Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Raphidioptera Handlirsch, 1908 Suborders see text Synonyms Rhaphidioptera (misspelling) Raphidiodea Snakeflies are a group of insects in the order Raphidioptera, consisting of about 210 extant species.[1] Together with the Megaloptera they were formerly placed within the Neuroptera, but now these two are generally regarded as separate orders. Snakeflies are predatory, both as adults and larvae. They can be quite common throughout temperate Europe and Asia, but in North America occur exclusively in the Western United States, namely in the Rocky Mountains and westward, including the southwestern deserts. Contents 1 Anatomy and life cycle 2 Systematics 3 Footnotes 4 References // Anatomy and life cycle Adult snakeflies are characterized by having an elongate prothorax but no modification of the forelegs (as in Mantispidae). They have strong and relatively unspecialised mouthparts, and large compound eyes. Some species also have ocelli. The females typically have a long ovipositor, which they use to deposit their eggs into crevices in bark or rotting wood. The wings are similar in size, with a primitive venation pattern, and a thickened costal margin (or "pterostigma").[2] The larvae have large heads with projecting mandibles. The head and the first segment of the thorax are sclerotised, but the rest of the body is soft and fleshy. They have three pairs of true legs, but no prolegs. However, they do possess an adhesive organ on the abdomen, with which they can fasten themselves to vertical surfaces.[2] The final larval instar creates a cell in which the insect pupates. However, they do not create a cocoon, and the pupa is fully capable of movement, and often leaves its cell for another location before the adult emerges.[2] Systematics The Megaloptera, Neuroptera (in the modern sense) and Raphidioptera are very closely related, forming the group Neuropterida. This is either placed at superorder rank, with the Endopterygota - of which they are part - becoming an unranked clade above it, or the Endopterygota are maintained as a superorder, with an unranked Neuropterida being a part of them. Within the endopterygotes, the closest living relatives of Neuropterida are the beetles. The two extant families of snakeflies are the Raphidiidae and Inocelliidae. In addition, there are four extinct families known only from fossils.[3] Almost all known snakeflies belong to the suborder Raphidiomorpha.[3] The exception being the Jurassic family Priscaenigmatidae, placed in suborder Priscaenigmatomorpha.[3] Extinct snakeflies are known from fossils dating from the Lower Jurassic to the Miocene.[3] Raphidioptera as grouped according to Engel 2002:[3] Order Raphidioptera Suborder †Priscaenigmatomorpha Engel 2002 Family †Priscaenigmatidae Engel, 2002 Genus †Hondelagia Bode, 1953 (Lower Jurassic; Germany) Genus †Priscaenigma Whalley, 1985 (Lower Jurassic; England) Suborder Raphidiomorpha Family †Alloraphidiidae Carpenter, 1967 Genus †Alloraphidia Carpenter, 1967 (Upper Jurassic-Middle Cretaceous; Canada, China, Mongolia, Russia) Genus †Archeraphidia Ponomarenko, 1988 (Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous; Russia, Mongolia) Genus †Pararaphidia Willmann, 1994 (Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous; Russia, Mongolia) (tentatively placed in Alloraphidiidae) Family †Baissopteridae Martynova, 1961 Genus †Austroraphidia Willmann, 1994 (Lower Cretaceous; Brazil) Genus †Baissoptera Martynova, 1961 (Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous; Brazil, China, Russia) Genus †Cretinocellia Ponomarenko, 1988 (Lower Cretaceous; Mongolia) Genus †Cretoraphidia Ponomarenko, 1993 (Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous; Russia) Genus †Cretoraphidiopsis Engel, 2002 (Lower Cretaceous; Mongolia) Genus †Lugala Willmann, 1994 (Lower Cretaceous; Mongolia) Family Inocelliidae Navás Subfamily †Electrinocelliinae Engel, 1995 Genus †Electrinocellia Engel, 1995 (Eocene; Baltic amber) Subfamily Inocelliinae Engel, 1995 Genus Amurinocellia Aspöck & Aspöck, 1973 (Recent) Genus Fibla Navás, 1915 (Eocene-Recent; Fossils: Baltic amber, Spain, USA) Genus Indianoinocellia (Recent) Genus Inocellia Schneider, 1843 (Recent) Genus Negha Navas 1916 (Recent) Genus Parainocellia (Recent) Genus Sininocellia (Recent) Genus †Succinofibla Aspöck & Aspöck, 2004 (Eocene; Baltic amber) Family †Mesoraphidiidae Martynov, 1925 (= Huaxiaraphidiidae, Sinoraphidiidae, and Jilinoraphidiidae) Genus †Baisoraphidia Ponomarenko, 1993 (Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous; Russia) Genus †Cantabroraphidia Pérez-de la Fuente et al., 2010 (Lower Cretaceous; Spain) Genus †Huaxiaraphidia Hong, 1992 (Lower Cretaceous; China) Genus †Jilinoraphidia Hong and Chang, 1989 (Lower Cretaceous; China) Genus †Kezuoraphidia Willmann, 1994 (Lower Cretaceous; China) Genus †Mesoraphidia Martynov, 1925 (Upper Jurassic-Upper Cretaceous; China, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, USA) Genus †Metaraphidia Whalley, 1985 (Lower Jurassic; England, Germany) Genus †Nanoraphidia Engel, 2002 (Upper Cretaceous; Myanmar) Genus †Proraphidia Martynova, 1947 (Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous; England, Kazakhstan, Spain) Genus †Siboptera Ponomarenko, 1993 (Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous; China, Russia) Genus †Sinoraphidia Hong, 1982 (Upper Jurassic; China) Genus †Xuraphidia Hong, 1992 (Lower Cretaceous; China) Family Raphidiidae Latreille Genus Africoraphidia (Recent) Genus Agullla Navas 1914 (Recent) Genus Alena Navas 1916 (Recent) Genus Atlantoraphidia (Recent) Genus Calabroraphidia (Recent) Genus Dichrostigma (Recent) Genus Harraphidia (Recent) Genus Hispanoraphidia (Recent) Genus Iranoraphidia (Recent) Genus Italoraphidia (Recent) Genus Mauroraphidia (Recent) Genus Mongoloraphidia (Recent) Genus Ohmella H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck (Oligocene-Recent) Genus Ornatoraphidia (Recent) Genus Parvoraphidia (Recent) Genus Phaeostigma (Recent) Genus Puncha (Recent) Genus Raphidia Linnaeus, 1758 (Eocene-Recent) Genus Raphidilla (Recent) Genus Subilla (Recent) Genus Tadshikoraphidia (Recent) Genus Tauroraphidia (Recent) Genus Tjederiraphidia (Recent) Genus Turcoraphidia (Recent) Genus Ulrike (Recent) Genus Venustoraphidia (Recent) Genus Xanthostigma (Recent) Family Incertae sedis Genus †Archiinocellia Handlirsch, 1910 (Oligocene; Canada) Genus †Arariperaphidia Martins-Neto & Vulcano, 1989 (Lower Cretaceous; Brazil) Genus †Ororaphidia Engel & Ren 2008 (Middle Jurassic; China) Genus †Styporaphidia Engel & Ren 2008 (Middle Jurassic; China) Footnotes ^ Jepson, J.E.; Jarzembowski, E.A. (2008). "Two new species of snakefly (Insecta:Raphidioptera) from the Lower Cretaceous of England and Spain with a review of other fossil raphidiopterans from the Jurassic/Cretaceous transition". Alavesia 2: 193–201. http://fossilinsects.net/pdfs/Jepson_Jarzembowski_2008_Alavesia_SnakeflyLowerCretaceousEnglandSpain.pdf.  ^ a b c Hoell, H.V., Doyen, J.T. & Purcell, A.H. (1998). Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 2nd ed.. Oxford University Press. pp. 445–446. ISBN 0-19-510033-6.  ^ a b c d e Engel, M.S. (2002). "The Smallest Snakefly(Raphidioptera: Mesoraphidiidae): A New Species in Cretaceous Amber from Myanmar, with a Catalog of Fossil Snakeflies". American Museum Novitates 3363: 1–22. http://hdl.handle.net/2246/2852.  References Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Raphidiidae Aspöck, H. (2002): The biology of Raphidioptera: A review of present knowledge. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 48(Supplement 2): 35–50. PDF fulltext Carpenter, F.M. (1936): Revision of the Nearctic Raphidiodea (Recent and Fossil). Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 71(2): 89–157. Grimaldi, David & Engel, Michael S. (2005): Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-82149-5 Haaramo, Mikko (2008): Mikko's Phylogeny Archive: Neuropterida. Version of 2008-MAR-11. Retrieved 2008-MAY-05. Maddison, David R. (1995): Tree of Life Web Project - Raphidioptera. Snakeflies.