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Not to be confused with FUBAR. For other uses, see Foobar (disambiguation). The terms foobar, foo, bar, and baz are sometimes used as placeholder names (also referred to as metasyntactic variables) in computer programming or computer-related documentation.[1] They have been used to name entities such as variables, functions, and commands whose purpose is unimportant and serve only to demonstrate a concept. The words themselves have no meaning in this usage. Foobar is sometimes used alone; foo, bar, and baz are sometimes used in that order, when multiple entities are needed. The usage in computer programming examples and pseudocode varies; in certain circles, it is used extensively, but many prefer descriptive names, while others prefer to use single letters. Eric S. Raymond has called it an "important hackerism" alongside kludge and cruft.[2] Contents 1 History and etymology 2 Usage in code 3 Usage in culture 4 See also 5 References 6 External links // History and etymology The origins of the terms are not known with certainty, and several anecdotal theories have been advanced to identify them. Foobar may have derived from the military acronym FUBAR and gained popularity due to the fact that it is pronounced the same. In this meaning it also can derive from the German word furchtbar, which means awful and terrible and described the circumstances of the Second World War. FOO is an abbreviation of Forward Observation Officer, a British Army term in use as early as the First World War.[3] The etymology of foo is explored in the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Request for Comments 3092, which notes usage of foo in 1930s cartoons including The Daffy Doc (with Daffy Duck) and comic strips, especially Smokey Stover and Pogo. From there the term migrated into military slang, where it merged with FUBAR.[1] "Bar" as the second term in the series may have developed in electronics, where a digital signal which is considered "on" with a negative or zero-voltage condition is identified with a horizontal bar over the signal label; the notation for an inverted signal foo would then be pronounced "foo bar". The use of foo in hacker and eventually in programming context may have begun in MIT's Tech Model Railroad Club (TMRC). In the complex model system there were scram switches located at numerous places around the room that could be thrown if something undesirable was about to occur, such as a train going full-bore at an obstruction. Another feature of the system was a digital clock on the dispatch board. When someone hit a scram switch the clock stopped and the display was replaced with the word "FOO"; at TMRC the scram switches are therefore called "Foo switches". Because of this an entry in the 1959 Dictionary of the TMRC Language went something like this: "FOO: The first syllable of the misquoted sacred chant phrase 'foo mane padme hum.' Our first obligation is to keep the foo counters turning."[4] One book[citation needed] describing the MIT train room describes two buttons by the door: labelled foo and bar. These were general purpose buttons and were often re-purposed for whatever fun idea the MIT hackers had at the time. Hence the adoption of foo and bar as general purpose variable names. The term foobar was propagated through computer science circles in the 1960s and early 1970s by system manuals from Digital Equipment Corporation.[citation needed] Foobar was used as a variable name in the Fortran code of Colossal Cave Adventure (1977 Crowther and Woods version). The variable FOOBAR was used to contain the player's progress in saying the magic phrase "Fee Fie Foe Foo". Usage in code The terms are very often used in programming examples, much like the Hello World program is commonly used as an introduction. For example, foo and bar might be used to illustrate a simple string concatenation: // C code #include <stdio.h> int main() { char foo[] = "Hello,"; char bar[] = "World!"; printf("%s %s\n", foo, bar); return 0; } // C++ code #include <iostream> #include <string> using namespace std; int main() { string foo = "Hello,"; string bar = "World!"; cout << foo << " " << bar << endl; return 0; } # Python code foo = "Hello," bar = "World!" print foo, bar # PHP code $foo = "Hello,"; $bar = "World!"; echo $foo, $bar; Usage in culture $foo is the name of a Perl programming magazine,[5] and Foo Camp is an annual hacker convention (the name is also a backronym for Friends of O'Reilly, the event's sponsor). During the United States v. Microsoft trial, some evidence was presented that Microsoft had tried to use the Web Services Interoperability organization as a means to stifle competition, including e-mails in which top executives including Bill Gates referred to the WS-I using the codename "foo".[6] See also BarCamp, an international network of user generated conferences Foo Camp, an annual hacker event hosted by publisher O'Reilly Media FUBAR, a homophonous acronym John Doe, a placeholder name for a male party, in a legal action, case or discussion, whose true identity is either unknown or must be withheld for legal reasons Lorem ipsum, the name given to commonly used placeholder text Placeholder name References ^ a b D. Eastlake III et al. (2001). "Etymology of "Foo"". Internet Engineering Task Force. http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3092.txt. Retrieved 2007-11-05.  ^ Eric S. Raymond (1996). The New Hacker's Dictionary. MIT Press. ISBN 0262680920. http://books.google.com/books?id=g80P_4v4QbIC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA5.  ^ Extract from War Diary of 118th Siege Battery WO95/322, 1914-1918.net ^ "Computer Dictionary Online". http://www.computer-dictionary-online.org/?q=foo. , computer-dictionary-online.org ^ Foo-magazin.de (German) ^ Microsoft ploy to block Sun exposed, news.com External links Look up foobar in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. RFC3092 Etymology of "Foo", tools.ietf.org The Free Online Dictionary of Computing entry on "foo", foldoc.org The Jargon File entry on "foobar", catb.org RFC 1639 – FTP Operation Over Big Address Records (FOOBAR)