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The photoplayer is an automatic mechanical orchestra used by movie theatres to produce photoplay music to accompany silent films. Contents 1 Operation 2 History 3 See also 4 References // Operation The central instruments in a photoplayer were a piano and percussion; some machines also added pipe organs and methods for manually creating sound effects. Like a player piano, the photoplayer played music automatically by reading piano rolls (rolls of paper with perforations), but the photoplayer could hold two rolls: one that would play while the other was prepared. Common sound effects included gun-shots, bells and drums, which were generated by pulling chains called "cow-tails". A photoplayer operator was necessary to load the paper rolls, start the machine and add the manual sound effects and percussion using the cow-tails.[1] History Approximately 8,000 to 10,000 photoplayers were produced during the boom era of silent films, between 1910 and 1928.[2] Around a dozen manufacturers produced the instruments, including the American Photo Player Company, which made the Fotoplayer, the Operators Piano Company of Chicago, which made the Reproduco, and Seeberg and Wurlitzer.[1] The popularity of the photoplayer sharply declined in the mid-1920s as silent films were replaced by sound films, and few machines still exist today.[1] See also Theatre organs: played by an organist, they could produce a wider range of sound and were popular in larger theatres References ^ a b c Ord-Hume, Arthur W.J.G. (2003). Robert Palmieri. ed. Piano: An Encyclopedia (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 411. ISBN 0415937965.  ^ "What is a photoplayer?". Encyclopaedia of Australian Theatre Organs. http://www.theatreorgans.com/southerncross/Photoplayers.htm. Retrieved 26 December 2008.