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Saint Ailred of Rievaulx Abbot Born 1110 Hexham, Northumberland, England Died 12 January 1167 Rievaulx, Yorkshire, England Venerated in Roman Catholic Church; Anglican Communion Major shrine Rievaulx Abbey, Yorkshire, England (destroyed) Feast 12 January Attributes Abbot holding a book Patronage bladder stone sufferers Ailred (1110 – 12 January 1167), also Aelred, Ælred, Æthelred, etc., was an English writer, abbot of Rievaulx from 1147 until his death, and saint. Contents 1 Life 2 Writings 3 Sexuality 4 Patronage 5 Notes 6 References 7 Primary sources 8 Further reading // Life Ailred was one of three sons of Eilaf, priest of St Andrew's at Hexham and himself a son of Eilaf, treasurer of Durham.[1] Ailred was born in Hexham, Northumbria, in 1110. He spent several years at the court of King David I of Scotland, rising to be Master of the Household before leaving the court to enter the Cistercian abbey of Rievaulx, in Yorkshire, in 1134, at the age of twenty-four. He may have been partially educated by Lawrence of Durham, who sent him a hagiography of Saint Brigid. He became the abbot of a new house of his order at Revesby in Lincolnshire in 1142 [2], and later, abbot of Rievaulx itself in 1147. He spent the remainder of his life in the monastery. Under his administration the size of the abbey is said to have risen to some hundred monks and four hundred lay brothers. He made annual visitations to Rievaulx's daughterhouses in England and Scotland and to the French abbeys of Citeaux and Clairvaux. He is recorded as suffering from an unspecified and very painful disease in his later years. He wrote several influential books on spirituality, among them Speculum caritatis ("The Mirror of Charity", reportedly written at the request of Bernard of Clairvaux) and De spiritali amicitia ("On Spiritual Friendship"). He also wrote seven works of history, addressing two of them to Henry II of England, advising him how to be a good king, and declaring him to be the true descendent of Anglo-Saxon kings. Until the twentieth century Aelred was generally known as a historian rather than a spiritual writer; for many centuries his most famous work was his "Life of Saint Edward, King and Confessor." Ailred died on January 12, 1167, at Rievaulx. He is listed for January 12 in the Roman Martyrology and the calendars of various churches. Writings For his efforts in writing and administration Aelred has been called by David Knowles the "St. Bernard of the North." Knowles, a historian of monasticism in England, also described him as "a singularly attractive figure … . No other English monk of the twelfth century so lingers in the memory."[3] Extant works by Ailred include: Vita Davidis Scotorum regis ("Life of David, King of the Scots), written c. 1153. Genealogia regum Anglorum ("Genealogy of the Kings of the English"), 1153–54 Relatio de standardo ("On the Account of the Standard"), also De bello standardii ("On the Battle of the Standard"), 1153–54 Vita S. Eduardi regis et confessoris "The Life of Saint Edward, King and Confessor," 1162–63. Vita S. Niniani ("The Life of Saint Ninian"), 1154–60 De miraculis Hagustaldensis ecclesiae ("On the Miracles of the Church of Hexham"), 1155 ff 'De quodam miraculo miraculum," also known as De sanctimoniali de Wattun ("On the Nun of Watton"), c. 1160 Spiritual treatises: Speculum caritatis ("The Mirror of Charity") De Iesu puero duodenni ("Jesus as a Boy of Twelve"), 1153–57 De spiritali amicitia ("Spiritual Friendship"), c. 1160 De institutione inclusarum ("The Formation of Anchoresses"), 1160–62 Oratio pastoralis ("Pastoral Prayer"), c. 1163–67. De anima ("On the Soul"), c. 1164-67 many sermons All of Ailred's works have appeared in translation, most in English, but all in French. Sexuality Ailred's work, private letters, and his Life by Walter Daniel, another twelfth-century monk of Rievaulx, have led some writers to infer that he was homosexual. In writing to an anchoress in The Formation of Anchoresses, Aelred speaks of his youth as the time when she held on to her virtue and he lost his[4]. All of his works encourage virginity among the unmarried and chastity in marriage and widowhood and warn against any sexual activity outside of marriage; in all his works he treats of extra-marital sexual relationships between members of both the same sex and opposite sexes as forbidden and condemns "unnatural relations" as a rejection of charity and the law of God. At the same time, he was compassionate about human failings and criticised the absence of pastoral care for the young nun who experienced rape, pregnancy, beating, and a miraculous delivery in the Gilbertine community of Watton. Patronage There is a high school named after St. Aelred in Newton-le-Willows, Merseyside in the United Kingdom, and also a primary school in York. Formerly there was a High School in Glenburn, Paisley named after St Aelred on Gleniffer Road. Several gay-friendly organisations have adopted Ailred as their patron saint, such as Integrity in the Episcopal Church in the United States of America,[5] National Anglican Catholic Church in the northeast United States, and the Order of St. Aelred[6] in the Philippines. Notes ^ Bell, "Ailred of Rievaulx (1110–1167)" ^ The Lives of the Saints, Rev. S. Baring-Gould, Volume 1, Page 178, Edinburgh: John Grant, 1914 ^ Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John. The Penguin Dictionary of Saints, 3rd edition. New York:Penguin Books, 1995. ISBN 0-140-51312-4. ^ Boswell, John. Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality, University of Chicago Press, 1980. ^ "St. Aelred, patron saint of Integrity". The Episcopal Diocese of Southern Ohio. http://www.episcopal-dso.org/index.php?module=pagemaster&PAGE_user_op=view_page&PAGE_id=424. Retrieved 2008-06-02. [dead link] ^ "The Order of St. Aelred (O.S.Ae.) Web Site - WELCOME". Archived from the original on 2009-10-24. http://www.webcitation.org/5kmDcKliO. [dead link] References Bell, David N. (2004). "Ailred of Rievaulx (1110–1167)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/8916. Retrieved 30 Jan 2008.  Primary sources Aelred of Rievaulx, "Opera." Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis 1, 2A, 2B, 2D. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 1971, 1983, 2001, 2005. Aelred of Rievaulx, "For Your Own People: Aelred of Rievaulx's Pastoral Prayer," trans. Mark Del Cogliano, crit. ed. Marsha L. Dutton, Cistercian Fathers series 73 (Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 2008). Aelred of Rievaulx, "The Historical Works," trans. Jane Patricia Freeland, ed. Marsha L. Dutton, Cistercian Fathers series 56 (Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 2005). Aelred of Rievaulx, "The Lives of the Northern Saints," trans. Jane Patricia Freeland, ed. Marsha L. Dutton, Cistercian Fathers series 71 (Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 2006). Aelred of Rievaulx, "Mirror of Charity," trans. Elizabeth Connor, Cistercian Fathers series 17 (Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 1990). Aelred of Rievaulx, "Dialogue on the Soul," trans. C. H. Talbot, Cistercian Father series 22 (Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 1981). Aelred of Rievaulx, "Spiritual Friendship," trans. Lawarence Braceland, ed. Marsha L. Dutton, Cistercian Fathers series 5 (Collegeville: Cistercian Publications, 2010). Aelred of Rievaulx, "Treatises and Pastoral Prayer," Cistercian Fathers series 2 (Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 1971). Further reading Boquet, Damien, L'ordre de l'affect au Moyen Âge: Autour de l'anthropologie affective d'Aelred de Rievaulx. Caen: CRAHM, 2005. Dutton, Marsha L.,"Friendship and the Love of God: Augustine's Teaching in the Confessions and Aelred of Rievaulx's Response in Spiritual Friendship", in American Benedictine Review 56 (2005), p. 3-40. Dutton, Marsha L., "Sancto Dunstano Cooperante: Aelred of Rievaulx’s Advice to the Heir to the English Throne in Genealogy of the Kings of the English", in: Emilia Jamroziak and Janet Burton (ed.), Religious and Laity in Northern Europe 1000-1400: Interaction, Negotiation, and Power. Turnhout: Brepols, 2007, p. 183–195. Dutton, Marsha L., "A Historian's Historian: The Place of Bede in Aelred's Contributions to the New History of his Age", in: Marsha L. Dutton, Daniel M. La Corte, and Paul Lockey (ed.), Truth as Gift: Studies in Cistercian History in Honor of John R. Sommerfeldt" (Cistercian Studies Series 204). Kalamazoo: Cistercian, 2004, p. 407–48. Freeman, Elizabeth, "Aelred of Rievaulx’s De Bello Standardii: Cistercian Historiography and the Creation of Community Memories," in: Cîteaux 49 (1998), p. 5–28. Freeman, Elizabeth, "The Many Functions of Cistercian Histories Using Aelred of Rievaulx’s Relatio de Standardo as a Case Study," in: Erik Kooper (ed.) The Medieval Chronicle: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on the Medieval Chronicle. Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, 1999, p. 124–32. Freeman, Elizabeth, Narratives of a New Order: Cistercian Historical Writing in England, 1150–1220. Turnhout: Brepols, 2002. Freeman, Elizabeth, "Nuns in the Public Sphere: Aelred of Rievaulx's De Sanctimoniali de Wattun and the Gendering of Authority", in: Comitatus 17 (1996), p. 55–80. La Corte, Daniel M., "Abbot as Magister and Pater in the Thought of Bernard of Clairvaux and Aelred of Rievaulx", in: in: Marsha L. Dutton, Daniel M. La Corte, and Paul Lockey (ed.), Truth as Gift: Studies in Cistercian History in Honor of John R. Sommerfeldt (Cistercian Studies Series 204). Kalamazoo: Cistercian, 2004, p. 389–406. Mayeski, Marie Anne, "Secundam naturam: The Inheritance of Virtue in Ælred’s Genealogy of the English Kings", in: Cistercian Studies Quarterly 37 (2002), p. 221–28. Nouzille, Philippe, Expérience de Dieu et Théologie Monastique au XIIe Siècle: Étude sur les sermons d'Aelred de Rievaulx. Paris: Les Éditions du Cerf, 1999. Powicke, Frederick M., "Ailred of Rievaulx", in Ways of Medieval Life and Thought. London, 1949. Raciti, Gaetano. "The Preferential Option for the Weak in the Ælredian Community Model", in: CSQ 32 (1997), p. 3–23. Ransford, Rosalind, "A Kind of Noah's Ark: Aelred of Rievaulx and National Identity", in: Stuart Mews (ed.), Studies in Church History 18 (1982), p. 137–46. Sommerfeldt, John R., Aelred of Rievaulx On Love and Order in the World and the Church. Mahwah, NJ: Newman Press, 2006. Sommerfeldt, John R., Pursuing Perfect Happiness. Mahwah, NJ: Newman Press, 2005. Squire, Aelred, "Aelred and King David", in: Collectanea Cisterciensia 22 (1960), p. 356–77. Squire, Aelred, "Aelred and the Northern Saints.", in: Collectanea Cisterciensia 23 (1961), p. 58–69. Squire, Aelred, "Aelred of Rievaulx: A Study" (1960), in: Cistercian Studies series 50. Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 1981. Squire, Aelred, "Historical Factors in the Formation of Aelred of Rievaulx", in: Collectanea Cisterciensia 22 (1960), p. 262–82. Stern, Keith (2009), Queers in History, BenBella Books, Inc.; Dallas, Texas, ISBN 978-1933771-87-8  Yohe, Katherine, "Aelred’s Recrafting of the Life of Edward the Confessor", in: CSQ 38 (2003): p. 177–89.